49. The Types

The anthropological types and their characteristics which I have outlined in ciphers cannot be considered as final. I suppose that the extreme variations of some types cannot be observed in some series only because they were influenced by other types. For example the type E, numerous representatives of which may be observed among the Chinese of Chihli and Manchuria, is more distinguishable among the Koreans as a fundamental type, where, and not among other groups, it has its extreme variations. The same phenomena may be observed relatively to the types Δ and A. The extreme variations of them may be observed among the groups for which they are fundamental and among other groups they become more or less confused, but always distinguishable. Therefore the characteristics in cipher as they are formulated in § 45 must be considered as very approximate ones.

The type A, — fundamental for the Chinese, — was characterized by a high stature — 1750, low cephalic index — 75, high nasal index — 100, and high frontal index — 80. The extreme variations of this type were noted many times, as distinctly represented. It might be that these characteristics are not exact for the original type and they must be changed, but, I think, the changing can be done only in the sense of the more accentuated differences with other types, as for example: the stature — 1803, the cephalic index — 70 and so on. Then the characteristics will be, perhaps, closer to the original characters of the type, the main mass of which probably could not resist the influence of the environment. This influence was, of course, in the sense of reducing the original characteristics.

The type A, that was observed among the Chinese and Manchus, but very seldom among the Koreans, was characterized by a stature about 1690, cephalic index — 85, nasal index — 75, and frontal index 62. This type is not very numerous among these groups and is not quite characteristic or fundamental for them, but it may be observed among the northern ethnical groups, namely among the Mongols and Mongolized Tungus of Urulga. It may be supposed that this type must be more accentueted among the groups for which it is characteristic. Unfortunately the published materials concerning the Mongols do not include tables with the individual measurements. Therefore my supposition on the components of this complex can be based only on MM and comparison with the results of analysis of other groups, as for example my series of Tungus. However, it might be supposed that the type A must have the cephalic index higher than it is in my above supposition. In fact, the Mongol group of Irkutsk Gov. has cephalic index higher (over 88), the type A among the Tungus have cephalic index about 88 and so on. The nasal index of this group may be lower than 75, though the components of this group have the nasal index higher than 75. The frontal index also may be lower than 62.

The type Γ the incidental character of which among the Chinese and other ethnical groups was observed, has not its extreme variations among the populations of this area. It seems to me that this type can be observed more or less distinctly among the Tungus of Barguzin, where it can be characterized by a very low stature (about 1550)> low cephalic index (77), low nasal index (77) and low frontal index (65). These characteristics would be more accentuated were it not that other components of this complex vary in the contrary sense.

The type B seems to be represented more largely among the Koreans. Its characteristics must also be corrected. The stature must be lower than it was supposed. In fact the Gilyaks that doubtless include this type in their complex have M of stature lower than 1620. Among them the small stature correlates the high cephalic index and high (of course, relatively) stature correlates low cephalic index. Hence it may be supposed that the type B among the Gilyaks has the stature lower than it was supposed (below 1570). Indeed the result of the analysis of the Koreans and other fields was not quite clear in the definition of the approximate stature of this type, as may be seen from the Table on p. 64. Therefore the stature (1600) must be reduced by some centimeters.

As regards the cephalic index I think it must be about as high as it was supposed, but the nasal index shows some very peculiar characteristic features. The type has very large nose and the high nasal index correlates the concave-flat form of it, as can be seen better from the table below:

This Table shows that the aquiline form is characteristic for the nasal index below 89. This form is characteristic for the type Δ. The type Γ commonly has the straight form of the nose and the type A — concave and straight forms. The type B can be characterized by the concave and flat form of the nose.

The colour of the eyes and hair scarcely varies among the types A, Δ and B and is commonly dark and black. But variations of coloration can be observed among the type Γ Light eyes and brown, even light, hair are very common. In fact the Tungus and some other ethnical groups which include this type have so great a number of light-coloured individuals that they cannot be considered as the «dark-coloured race» of several authors. Red hair is very rare among all these types, but some red-haired individuals have been observed among the Mongols; those include the type Δ.

There might also be noted among the populations of the Northern region of this area some peculiar characteristics which were not observed among the Chinese and Koreans at all. The evidence from this region have shown that types A and T have very long arm and the type that influenced them both has relatively short arm. As has been shown, the types A and B have the arm of moderate length.

The gonial breadth in my study of the Tungus was a characteristic of typical distinction. There the type Δ was characterized by the high gonial index and the type Γ by relatively low index, which gives very definite distinction of the faces. I suppose that these characteristics were not discovered among the Chinese because the types Δ and Γ are not quite fundamental for the Chinese.

The Mongolian eye and the degree of the closeness of the eyes show some variations among the types, it might be noted that these characteristics decrease southward. In fact the Tungus of Barguzin have the closest eyes though the Mongolian eye is not a general characteristic for this group. The Mongols and Mongolized Tungus have very pronounced «mongolian» eye, but it is not so close as that of the Tungus. Among the Chinese the Mongolian eye is very common and correlates, it seems to me, with the low nasal index and high cephalic index and not with the high stature, low cephalic index and so on. The degree of development of these characteristics among the Koreans is lower than among the Mongols and Tungus, but higher than among the Chinese. Thus these characteristics may be relited to the types Δ and Γ and partly to the type B.