The ethnical origin of this type is more confused. I have noted that the pure representatives of this type may be observed among all ethnical groups, except the Koreans, and it is fundamental for the Tungus of Barguzin, and other Tungus of Siberia. The Tungus from an anthropological standpoint are not homogeneous and represent an amalgamation of different types. For example, the Tungus of Urulga, as has been mentioned, are an amalgamation of the type A and the type relatively dose to the type A. At the same time they show some traces of type Γ. The influence of this type is more significant among the Tungus of Barguzin, which also includes the amalgamated type so common among the Tungus of Urulga. The influence of the type A over the Tungus of Yakutsk Gov. is due probably to the Yakuts, who came to their present territory as an already amalgamated group, including the type A. Also, I have already shown that the Southern Tungus are amalgamated. As regards the Tungus of Northern Siberia they were influenced probably by their neighbours of palaeoasiatic origin. Notwithstanding these strong influences, the type Γ may be observed, as far as is known, among all Tungus groups.
If it. is so, the spreading of this type may be explained by the distribution of the Tungus in this territory and the presence of this type among the Chinese can be explained on the supposition of the former contact of the Chinese type A with the type Γ. In fact the present ethnographical features of the Tungus and the historical deduction which may be formed give some proofs of the southern origin of the Tungus.
The sole possible region of habitation for the Tungus was Northern China, because the Turko-Mongols since early time occupied the Mongolian Plateau; the basin of the Amur River was populated by the Palaeoasiatic tribes; and Western China was occupied by the Chinese and other tribes, traces of which can be observed now in Western and Southern China.
At that time when the Chinese were in the west the Tungus were living in the territory of Eastern China, i.e., somewhere in the basin of the Yellow and Yangtse Rivers. Then the Chinese invasion into this region pushed back the Tungus and they went eastward and northward into Amurland, viz., the present Manchuria, also Transbaikalia, Amur Gov. and Maritime Gov. of Siberia. On the banks of the Amur River they met the ancient population composed of the palaeoasiatic tribes who lived there since prehistoric time. This population was comparatively dense and was probably divided into several groups, living by hunting in the forest region, and fishing on the banks of the Amur River. Also in the forest region they perhaps» domesticated reindeer. The Tungus could not expel these well organized aborigenes and went through this region into Siberia. During this migration the Tungus appropriated some of the cultural characters of palaeoasiatic groups, but conserved their tongue, clothing, social organization and so on. (See Maps)
In fact the Tungus dialects of Siberia, Mongolia and Manchuria arc very developed in the direction of the agglutination of several suffixes together, also the grammar of these dialects is very complicated. Meanwhile, the Southern dialects, as for example the Manchu,.from this standpoint are more simplified. The appropriation of new vocabulary, and sometimes of grammatical forms and phonetics show their relatively later origin. Though the Yakuts, Mongols and different palaeoasiatic tribes influenced, of course, the Tungus dialects, their tongue remains always intact. In comparison with the dialects of the Southern Tungus (the Manchu, the Goldi dialect and other) the Northern dialects are more pure, independent and developed, but they seem to lose or, may be, to stop the development of the peculiar Tungus characters of this linguistical group. However the Northern Tungus and Southern Tungus recognize the common origin of their dialects and oppose them to the Mongol, Chinese and different Palaeoasiatic dialects. From this it might be concluded that the first Tungus crowd passed through the Amurland and developed independentely their tongue within the northern regions. Meanwhile the later Tungus group stopped within the basin of the Sungari River and formed the Southern branch of Tungus dialects.
The southern type of clothing of the Tungus consist of a very open coat, like the European morning coat and sometimes even like European evening dress; very short trousers partly covering the lower part of body and descending 3-4 inches on the limbs; a small apron covering the breast and body; long garment to protect the knees and lower part of the limbs from the cold; and very comfortable shoes very practical for the forester. This clothing is not adapted to the rigorous climate of Siberia, where the palaeoasiatic tribes invented clothing of special fashion, adapted just for the local climatic conditions. Though the Tungus reformed as well as possible their clothing they always suffer from the frost and wind and perish in great numbers, but notwithstanding conserve its style jealously. Some of this clothing was appropriated by the Chinese and Manchus who combined the long trousers and the long coat of the Mongol and Chinese but conserved for special works and for general use the apron and other Tungus clothing.
The social organization of the paterline system clans was conserved by the Tungus but the Manchus show many traces of the materline clan organization and have a peculiar social organization, which seems to be connected with the culture of the palaeoasiatc ethnical groups.
The movement of the Tungus northward and westward through Siberia could not be stopped by a very sparse palaeoasiatic population, which was partly assimilated and partly pushed out on the borders of their area by the Tungus.
The Tungus folk-lore relates, that thay had many struggles with this early population and migrated in two different directions. They spread over the whole area and afterwards they were expelled by the Yakuts, who occupied the Middle course of the Lena River. Because of this Yakut migration some Tungus clans went back i.e., eastward and southward, where they lost their reindeer and appropriated the Mongol culture. For example the Tungus clan Samagir moved from Lake Baikal eastward and left its traces along its way to the lower course of the Amur River. This clan populated also the basin of the Shilka River, and the middle course of the Amur River, where it was partly assimilated by the Mongols. Generally the Northern Tungus clans of Manchuria and Mongolia seem to be of a later origin, namely of the second Tungus migration. The migrations of the Tungus may be observed up to the present time. For instance some of the Tungus of the Bureya River basin migrated 10-12 years ago to Saghalien Island, Other Tungus group migrated also northward from Transbaikalia. In these cases the immediate cause of migration was the growing Russian colonization or, maybe, the disease from which reindeer generally suffer within the basin of the Amur River.
The southern branch of Tungus stopped on the banks of the Sungari River which became their «motherland.» The neighbouring paleasiatic tribes were partly pushed out, partly conquered by the immigrants. The Manchus call the Milky Way Sungar-bira, i.e., the Sungari River and believe that the Amur River has its sources in Manchuria — the Sungari River. All other memories are related only to this region. They assimilated, of course, some palaeoasiatic ethnographical characters as, for example, the primitive form of fishing, some clothing, underground houses, and, I suppose, some forms of the social organization and so on. The establishment of this Tungus group in Manchuria may be referred to the first and, maybe, second millenium B. C.
This sole supposition can explain the complete lack of knowledge of reindeer breeding among the Manchus. In fact the later migration of the Tungus with their reindeer southward, into Mongolia and Manchuria, resulted in the loss of this animal within this region. But, at the same time it must be considered that the Manchus never lived in northern regions where the climatic conditions are favourable for reindeer-breeding. Therefore I suppose that only the Tungus of the first migration app-ropriated from the palaeoasiatic tribes of the northern region the reindeer and sledge which are useless in south [102]. Then the second Tungus crowd did not follow the first one and at that early time formed a peculiar ethnographical complex, which existed up to the latest time. Now it is in a state of decomposition under the pressure of the Chinese and partly Russian influence.
The Chinese chroncles do not distinguish the palaeoasiatic and Tungus group and suppose them to be of common origin — various kind of ta-tse.
At the time of the second Mongol movement eastward, the Mongols began to introduce into Manchuria a new anthropological type — the type Δ. Then the various Tungus and Palaeoasiatic tribes amalgamated with the Mongols. The Mongols from time to time established their control over these populations. The alternation of these ethnical groups left its testimony in the history of this region. The formations of organized powers, as Moho, Bohai, Liao Dynasty, Korea, Kin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty, Manchu Dynasty and so on, opposed more or less successfully during about 2000 years the Chinese invasion into this region. Of course, this movement in view of the Chinese danger was not so smooth and the struggle between the various ethnical groups, as the Mongols, Tungus, and Palaeoasiatics, left many fortified places, trenches and walls stretching hundreds of miles in Manchuria and Mongolia. The remains of large cities and numerous small towns and village also the cemeteries show that in the past some regions of this area were very densely populated by ethnical groups of high civilization. The Chinese evidence on these populations is not so exact as some investigators think and is probably coloured by their quite natural dislike of enemies not less dangerous and well organized than the Chinese themselves [103].
By reason of the constant foreign influence the type Γ lost its preponderance among the Tungus. But at the same time it left some traces among the population of China. It may be supposed that these traces are due to the original population of this part of China that were amalgamated by the Chinese. As has been shown, this type is relatively numerous among the Chinese of Shantung. That is quite comprehensible, because they were the first invaders of the present Chihli and Shantung Provinces and they assimilated the native populations of the newly acquired territory.
The Manchus, Tungus by origin, were amalgamated with the palaeoasiatic tribes and afterward superimposed by the Mongols. Therefore this group, conserving up to the latest time its ancient tongue and some ethnographical characters of Tungus origin, could not resist the anthropological influence and little by little lost its original physical feature of the type Γ.
It seems to me that the secondary movement of the northern and eastern ethnical groups into China did not left profound traces on the Chinese population, but the Chinese colonists of Manchuria were influenced by the anthropological environment because they usually came without Chinese women and families. Thus two influences of the type Γ over the Chinese of Manchuria may be considered i.e. one of ancient origin and another one of the present time.
Taking into consideration the very frequent alternation of the ethnical influences, which is so characteristic of the history of this part of Asia, and the preponderance of the Chinese and on the other hand of the Mongols after the Tungus had withdrawn eastward and northward, the insignificant influence of the type Γ can be con-sidered as quite natural.
I submit the above exposed theory of origin of this
type only conditionally until a new admissible hypothesis may be elaborate.
102. According to the Russian travellers in the XIXth century, the so called Maniagir, i.e. a Tungus group including the clan Maniagir and living now within the basin of the Kumara River — the left tributary of the Amur River — in the begining of the last century had the reindeer. They have now only poor recollection of it. At the present time a small group of Tungus — the last coming from Yakutsk Gov. — is losing little by little its reindeer on the Manchuria Plateau.
103. I think that the real value of these group is not yet cleared by the investigations, the major part of which was based on the Chinese document. What results of historical investigations of European nations during, for example, the Middle Age would there be, if the historians used only documents, left to us by one sole nation?