The series with the initial and intervocalic glottal are numerous — seventy-six cases — the Tungus parallels of which are lacking in eighteen cases, twenty cases are dismissed after a brief analysis, twenty cases are dismissed after a detailed analysis, two cases are regarded by A. Sauvageotas loan-words, and fifteen cases must be analysed here, In three cases there are parallels only with Samoyed.
Case 116. The stem is *kYrY, which means «instrument contondant,» «l'action it couper,» «de raser.» In Tungus parallels three words are figured; namely, kargimbi (Manchu Writ.), girim (Ur., Castr.), and girko (Manchu Writ). However, there is one more parallel omitted by A. Sauvageot, girimbi (Manchu Writ.) — to make an even line by cutting. So we have thus girt and kargi, both with a particular meaning of «cutting.» The fact is that none of them is met with in other Tungus dialects. Considering a very limited dialectal distribution of the stem giri, its special meaning (girko is a special knife for cutting paper, tissues, etc.), one naturally turns one's eyes to other languages. Perhaps this stem may be connected with the Mongol and Turk quoted by A. Sauvageot. [Perhaps hirki (Tum.)— the iron knife is of the same origin?] Two stems giri and kargi, are perhaps of different origin too. Owing to the reason shown above, these words cannot be regarded as original Tungus words, but as words borrowed, I think rather recently, from Turk and Mongol.
Case 117. The stem is *kYrY, which means «cortex,» «linderinde,» «kruste,» «korb aus lindenbast,» «schorf,» «schinden,» etc The Tungus words on this occasion are wrongly interpreted. First of all, xorrakta and xoromsa are merely aspirated; second, they have particular meaning of bark from certain trees, i. e., these are names of trees. So this case might be easily dismissed, but I want to save it by bringing another stem — kora (Khin.), kara (Bin, Kum.) — the bark in general. I do not know this stem in other Tungus dialects as well as its origin. Perhaps it means «cover,» «protective layer,» etc., for in an epic poem I find it in the sense of walls surrounding a city [122]. However, considering the fact of its limited use (only two dialects), it will be much safer to look for its affinities in other languages.
Case 119. The stem seems to be kVr, which means «I'idee de tresser,» very enlarged (Cases 118, 119, and 120 deal with the same stems and semantic groups); e.g., «coudre,» «fisching nest,» «spiendel,» «rouler,» «tourner,» «faire un detour» «eviter,» «roeder,» even «wheel» and «circle,» and finally (Cases 119 and 120) «schief,» «krumm,» «courier les doigts,» «plier,» «retourner,» etc. On this condition one may guess no one language of the world may escape being included in the «Ural-Altaic family.» The European languages are very rich in such parallels. In Tungus one may find many words which can be ranged under such a wide meaning of the stem kVr, but A. Sauvageot gives only Goldi xeriligu (Grube) — «um etwas herumgehen,» [123] and two Manchu Writ, words, — kurbabmi and karkambi, which must be carefully analysed; kurbabmi — «to turn from one side to another in the bed in sleeplessness»; it may also be referred to the horse when it rolls, for example, in the grass after being unsaddled; it is known in the latter sense in Mongol, — xurbu- xurgu || koryo-, kurbe (Rudnev) (cf. Buriat xulbu, xulbe, Podg.) and Bir. and Khin. when it is referred to the drunken people rolling down the earth. The idea is clear — the rolling from one side to another. In Northern Tungus and Manchu it has a very limited use. Karkambi-sich winden is differently translated by I. Zaxarov and in a sense which has nothing to do with kurbumbi and even the idea of «tresser.» Thus the only word is kurbu, which looks like a Mongol word used in a limited group of dialects and in a particular sense [124].
Case 121. The stem seems to be kVr, which means bord, rive, berge. The Tungus words given are Goldi kera, kerae (W. Grube) [kira, kera (Sch.)]—«ufer,» «kueste,» «rand» (the latter seems to be an extension of meaning), corresponding to gere, geren — «steiles,» «unterwachstenes ufer» (this has not been compared by P. P. Schmidt). The latter is met with in other dialects; e.g.,giri (Neg., Sch.), geri (Bir.) — «the shore,» «coast,» «bank.» Another word is met with too; namely, kera (RTM) — «the side,» «by the side of,» etc., probably borrowed from Yakut kyry (Pek.) — «side,» «board,» perhaps corresponding to kira (Bir.) — «the side,») «slope.» A. Sauvageot also quotes girdan (Manchu Writ.) — «raum,» «saum,» etc., which evidently has an entirely different meaning and probably origin. It can be connected with the above-discussed (Case 116) girimbi, for girdan is referred to the pieces of meat, tissue, etc. Cf. also girsamda (Ner.) — «long pieces of tissue, attached to the placings for spirits» (shamanistic), etc. — «the ribbon,» if it is not a recent loan-word.
Case 122. The stem is *kYrY, which means «bruler,» «roussir.» The Tungus parallels are not well selected, so kirumbi (Manchu Writ.) is translated «in der Brunst sein.» Indeed, in the European complex and in a metaphoric expressions «Brunst» presumes «hot,» «burning» desire, while in the Tungus complex it is not so, and it has a simple meaning; namely, «to chase a female» or what a male is doing with a female (the kirume baimbi expression in Manchu is clear) and just owing to this Manchu Writ, in the dictionaries is poor in derivatives, while it is not so with the Manchu Sp. The verb is isolated. At any rate it has nothing to do with «bruler» and «roussir.» The Tungus complex must not be looked at through the prism of the European complex. The Goldi xuru and its derivatives are well known in other Tungus dialects, as formed with the stem ur, in aspirated (hur, xur) and bilabialized (fur) forms (also known in Turk and Mongol) connected with the idea of growth of plants and animals and their maturation. So this word must be dismissed for the reasons of its phonetic character and meaning [125]. Some other parallels from Manchu Writ, are also found, namely, xarimbi and xarkasi. The first one may be supported by xariku — «the iron» (for ironing). Its meaning is not «bruler,» which is rather a secondary meaning, as the effect of an application of a hot iron, but «hot,» as it is perhaps in xarkasi — «a kind of fever.» In Bir. it is met with as kariv (v is suffix) — «to make warm» (not «bruler»), but it is borrowed from Manchu. Yet, in so far as I know, it is not met with in other Northern Tungus dialects. Some parallels perhaps may be brought forth from other languages, but I like better to abstain from introducing them in order to avoid mistakes.
Case 125. The stem is *kYrY, which means «insectes volants.» What is actually seen from the parallels is that in the Finno-Ugrian languages the stem is kar for «the fly» and in Tungus the stem garm is used for «the mosquito.» The series given by A. Sauvageot must be completed by galma (Manchu) — «the mosquito,» also a series of words, — monmakta (Ner.), manmakta (Bir.), nanmakta (Ner.), nganmakta (Neg., Sch.). In this series it is possible to see the original stem nganma, for the series with r or omission of l seems to be a further modification of a certain original stem in which the second consonant was alternating (r~l~zero). The initial ng, so frequently met with in languages of this part of Asia [126], where the Tungus are living, might easily give the forms with the initial g, n, and m. Indeed, on my part it is a mere hypothesis. Although the fly and the mosquito are both insects, yet the difference between them is very essential, especially for people living in the forest. The stems kar and nganm seem to be different too. Yet the Turk and Mongol parallels are lacking.
Case 127. The stem seems to be kVr, which means «la notion de ceindre.» The Tungus evidences are represented by korre, korreca (Goldi), and kurta (Olcha) — «wand.» Other Northern Tungus dialects and Manchu evidences, also their connexion with Mongol, are shown in my other work («Social Organization of the Northern Tungus,» op. cit., p. 34, footnote). The term in Tungus and Manchu is connected with the cattle-breeding complex, so it has not possibly originated on the Tungus soil. It may here be added that the European languages possess a great number of words which may be attached to the same stem. Some of them may be regarded as simple borrowings; but for most of them we have no evidences, so they are often regarded as «Indo-European.»
Case 129. The stem seems to be kVr, which means «la grue.» Tungus words may be classed into two groups; namely, karaf and kurchan (Manchu Writ.) Although both of them contain k and r, it is not clear whether they have originated from the same stem or not, especially in the presence of Mongol parallels. The Turk parallels are lacking.
Case 135. The stem seems to be kVl, which means larus. The Tungus parallels given by A. Sauvageot may be increased to four instances; namely, kilerka (Lam.) — «the sea lark»; kular (Lam.) — «the gull»; koltokan (Neg., Sch.), kaldafki (Tung. Sch.) — «Gulo borealis.» However, in other dialects the words are produced from other and numerous stems. The Turk parallels are lacking.
Case 139. The stem seems to be kVi, and kVl, the meaning of which is very wide; e.g., «stria lucis,» «morgenrote,» «aurore,» «sonne,» «hell,» «clar,» «hitze,» «warmen,» «abgekocht,» «rein,» «er glanzt,» «lumiere,» «demain,» «matin,» «sauber,» «heiter,» «blenden,» «weiss,» «rayonner,» «reflect,» etc. The Tungus parallels are not all well selected. (I) xulzhu, xulzhuxa (Goldi, W. Grube) — «warmen,» «abgekocht,» requires several remarks. The Tungus stem is ulV (in Goldi sometimes reduced from xul to ul, cf. ulsi, ulsire — «kochen»); e.g., uto (Mank.), ulo (Ner., Bir.) (Neg., Sch.), ula (Ur., Castr.), ulo (Ur., Castr.), olo (Khin.), ulo (Barg., Poppe), etc., used in a narrow sense of «warming» for cooking. Another series is holiien (Neg., Sch.) — «to warm»; xuliti (Orochi, Sch.) — «to warm»; xulu {Tit.) — «to melt» (e.g., lead) with derivative xuluzhin — «warmed,» «warm,» etc., where the stem is hol~xul. The Goldi words when made free of (verbal) suffixes may be reduced to the stem xul with the above-given meaning «to warm.» Here the stem and meaning are the same [127]. I now assert that the words of the second series have originated from the first one, ulV, through the process of asp.ration. To show it, we have the following evidences: (1) The Tungus dialects which do not practise aspiration of the initial vowels for the idea of «warming» (without specification of «cooking») use different words, e.g., of the stems oku, etc., n'ama, and others; (2) these dialects might have the stem xul in the form of kul (when borrowed). However, they have no such words in the sense of «warm» [128]; (3) the initial h, besides x and even p, which evidently point to the process of aspiration and bilabialization are also met with. The history of the stem may be restored as shown — xtd has appeared in the «aspirating» dialects with the meaning «warm» (and not «cook»); the old stem ulV persisted in all dialects in the sense of «warming for cooking,» or «to cook»; i.e., this is a case of «doublets» through the «aspiration» in the «aspirating» dialects. Therefore the Tungus stem xtd cannot be compared with KVi.
(II) The Tungus parallels xajema — «rein» and xajakatten — «er glanzt» (Czek., Schiefner) are mere misunderstandings. Both of them have originated from the well-known Tungus stem aja (aspirated haja, xaja) — «good.» In the first case, the suffix -ma may be compared with the «verbal» adjective; ajama referred to weather that was good. In the second case, aja served as a «verbal» stem in the sense «it is (weather) keeping good,» the sign of which was «er glanzt.» Indeed, these Tungus expressions are heard every day when the weather is good, and such misunderstandings are also known from the records of persons who are not very familiar with the language.
(III) Galga, galgan (Manchu Writ.), gal-gal (Goldi, Grube) — «rein,» «sauber,» «hell,» «heiter,» «heiteres wetter» — is merely «good weather»; galga (Khin.) — id.; galambi (Manchu Writ.), gala (Kum.) — «to become good weather.» These words cannot be interpreted as originated from «stria lucis,» etc., for good weather is called galga during the night-time as well. (IV) Gilxa (Manchu Writ.) — «the clear, good weather»; perhaps this word is formed by analogy with galga from giltaxa (vide infra), or it is of the type of double words, as is common in Asiatic languages. However gilta (Manchu Writ.), with all its derivatives, definitely means the idea of «glitter,» «shine,» «gleam,» etc. The same stem, and with the same meaning, is met with in other Tungus dialects, e.g., gilta (Khin., Ner., Bir.), kelta (Neg., Sch.) — «to gleam,» «to shine» (perhaps, kelurin of RTM is connected with it), giltas (Barg. Poppe)— «shine,» «glitter.» All these words are connected with Mongol gilte, gilbel, Buriat gelelet, gilbel, etc. [129] It may also be added that in Yakut kilbian (Pek.) is «glitter» «shine,» etc. Besides the words shown above, the Tungus dialects possess some other words of different stems; e.g., ila, ngari, zhasana, and others with the meaning of «shine,» «glitter,» etc. Yet there are also many other words of different stems for designating special kinds of shining, gleaming, etc. Considering the geographical distribution of the Tungus dialects which use gilt, kelt, gilb, as stems, the meaning and partial parallelism in Tungus, also the fact that this stem is met with in Mongol, Buriat, and Yakut, I think in Tungus it has been rather recently introduced from the Mongol language, direct or through the Manchus. It may be here added that the translations given by A. Sauvageot and myself are numerous enough for choosing some of them which may suit the stem KVi. Yet attempts have already been rr.ade at the comparison of the Finno-Ugrian words with the Indo-European words.
Case 146. The stem is not shown, but it is supposed that the Finno-Ugrian y, j, i, g, correspond to Tungus l. The Tungus words are kolla, kulin, kulikan — «the snake.» Kolla is an emphatic pronunciation of kuli, koli, also used in other Tungus dialects when the speaker is surprised, or wants to impress the hearer. Kuli is «snake» and other crawling creatures like the snake; e. g., large worms. It is met with in all Tungus dialects, -a,-n, and -kan, sometimes -kachan, katkan,- mn'ia, etc., are suffixes. Indeed, the comparison of Finno-Ugrian with Tungus is doubtful. Why not compare, for example, the coluber?
Case 147. The stem is *kYmY, which means «voute,» «position renversee, sans dessus dessous,» etc. In Tungus too many words may be found with nearly the same meaning and nearly with the same stem, but it would take too much space here to enumerate them. In the parallels given by A. Sauvageot, some of them have originated from different stems. This is the case of the stem (1) kumt in which t~ch~s and m~n may alternate, with the meaning «to cover» (Bir.) (Czek., Schiefner); (2) kumch — «bunch baked» (Manchu Writ, and several other dialects which have this stem from Manchu); (3) kumd (Manchu Writ.)— «hollow,» but, according to I. Zaxarov, of Chinese origin and is not met with in other dialects. So at least two stems in Tungus seem to exist with a different meaning, and only one of them has received certain popularity. The question is still complicated by the presence of t, which cannot be dismissed from the stem kumt, which was originally perhaps kut and meant «to cover,» without interfering with the idea of «voute» and «renverser.»
Case 182. The stem is *jYkY, which means «sapin.» However, in Samoyed it is je, kue, tue, chwe, which are treated as the result of the loss of k. Yet it must be remembered that the stem *jYkY was found from a broad semantic series comprising «pine-tree,» «fuel-tree,» «forest,» etc., and the variations in Finno-Ugrian and Turk are not insignificant. In Tungus the stem is zhagd, in all dialects and in the same sense — «the pine-tree» — except Turn., where it is zhald (as to the record, I am not sure of it). So the identification of zhagd with *jYkY presumes a series of hypotheses, but since zh is not met with in other languages and it is not shown that it must correspond to other various sounds, also since gd is an essential element of the Tungus stem, it will be much safer to leave zhagd with the Tungus languages.
Case 186. In Samoyed and Manchu (whence in Goldi, Olcha, Orochi), «black» is expressed by the stem sax (Tungus) = sag (Samoyed). It ought to be noted that in almost all other Tungus dialects we have the stem kongo (with modifications) [130].
Case 190. In Samoyed and Tungus, lVkV is found as «arrow.» However, the Turk words compared have no initial consonant.
If we agree with all phonetic and semantic hypotheses proposed by A. Sauvageot in reference to the Tungus parallels, the analysis of the cases shown above brings us to the following results:
Case 116, Mongol or Turk giri — «to cut»
Case 117, doubtful Tungus kVra — «the birch-bark»; Mongol and Manchu parallels lacking
Case 119, doubtful Tungus kurbu — «to roll from one to another side»; Turk lacking
Case 121, Tungus k(g)VrV — «the side,» «board,» «shore»
Case 122, Manchu xar — «hot,» to «burn»; Mongol lacking
Case 125, to be dismissed; Mongol and Turk lacking
Case 127, doubtful Tungus kVrV — «the fence»
Case 129, Tungus kara — «the krane»; Turk lacking
Case 135, Tungus kVlV — «the lark,» «the gull»; Turk lacking
Case 139, doubtful Tungus gVlt — «to shine,» «to gleam»
Case 146, Tungus kVIV — «the snake,» «snake-like»
Case 147, doubtful Tungus kVmt — «to cover»
Case 182, Tungus zhagd — «the pine-tree»; Mongol lacking
Case 186, Manchu saxa —«black»; rare in Northern Tungus; only Samoyed
Case 190, Tungus lVkV — «the arrow»; only Samoyed
There are thus, found five Tungus stems which are common with other languages; namely, k(g)VrV — «the side,» «shore»; kara — «the crane»; kVlV — «the lark,» «the gull»; kVlV — «the snake»; zhagd— «the pine-tree.»
122. The city walls cannot be considered as an element of the Tungus complex.
123. From the text given by W. Grube it is evident that «herumgehen» is referred to pulsi («to go») and not only to «heriligum.» The latter is the «gerundial» form, I think, of a certain aspirated stem (erili) which has nothing to do with the stem kVr,
124. Cf. Case 6, p. 133. The stem urb seems to go together with kurbn, as it has been shown in the case of ubal-kubil; cf. also hurba (Mediaev. Mongol).
125. Indeed, only some and not all fruits when ripe become red and brown-coloured. Many of them, and especially green plants and animals, do ripen withou* «roussir.» The Goldi use the 9tem ur (xur) in the sense of «ripe.'' By the way, the European idea of «ripe.» also, is not so closely connected with the idea of «roussir» and «bruler.»
126. The initial has been supposed by some authors to be a Paleasiatic consonant. Personally, I cannot share this opinion, for the reasons given in Part One of this study.
127. I have not mentioned here another Goldi variation which is found in P. P. Schmidt's vocabulary; namely, pulchi (Olcha), polchi (Goldi) — «to warm.» Such a parallelism of aspiration and bilabialization in Goldi has already been discussed. If we agree with A. Sauvageot's parallels and hypotheses, then the stem would be put and not kul, and for this reason alone the parallels should be dismissed.
128. In an aspirating dialect, RTM, I find a word kulu, kulli — «the soil mixed with the ashes after the forest fire.» This stem is also met with in the Ner. dialect in the word kulorocho, evidently from the verb kuloro — «to burn,» so the stem is kulV. In fact, kuli (RTM) (Turn) — «to burn,» «to strike a spark from the flint,» etc. In order to clear up some possible misunderstandings I shall now bring another Tungus word of the stem kul and idea of «warm,» kulan (Bir.) — «the warmed stove-bed» (cf. Chinese kan, Manchu nayan) from xulan (Manchu Writ.) — «the chimney,» «smoke-pipe,» cf. kulan (Mongol). The «stove-bed» is warmed by a system of smoke pipes.
129. Gilbal is known in the Tungus dialects neighbouring the Mongol-speaking groups in the sense of gilt.
130. In Northern Tungus dialects the stem sax seems to be preserved and used in the sense of «dirty,» «muddy» (e,g., water), so we haws saki (Ner.), s'ohi (Khin.), soku (Bir.), siki (Ur., Castr.). The stem kongo, was not perhaps originally a Tungus stem. I will abstain now from other interesting parallels and suggestions.